BILLIARDS.
OLD
PAINTINGS AND ROOMS.
...
OLD BILLIARD PAINTINGS.
The
paintings below complete the masterworks already shown on this site (i).
Together, they illustrate the interest in billards by artists for almost
500 years.
O.
Work by German painter Januarius Zick (1730-1797). (xxxix).
O."Women
playing billiards" by Adolf Heinrich-Hansen (1859-1925), Danish painter
(xxxxxv).
O. "Le jeu de billard" (= the billiard game), painted in 1869 by Charles-Edouard Boutibonne (1816-1897), French artist born in Hungary ) (ii).
A
quite nice gameplay behind the back!
O.
"Ladies playing billiards" by Boutibonne too (xxxxxx).
O.
Schmidt
& Co. advertising CLUB FRIENDS SMOKE CIGARS, New York, United
States (1886). Billiard players are smoking cigars (ii).
O. "Le Billard", unfinished, by Gustave Caillebotte (1848-1894) (ii).
O. "Le
café de nuit" (= The pub by night) (1888) by Vincent Van Gogh
(1853-1890) (ii).
O.
"Au café à Arles" (= At the pub in Arles) (1888)
by Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)
(ii).
O. "Les joueurs de billard" (= Billiard
players), early 1700. Nicolas Lancret (1690-1743). France (iii).
O.
"Le
jeu de billard" (= Billiard game), around 1870. Francesco Beda
(1840-1900). Italy (iii).
O.
"Un jeu de billard", replica (1888).
William Henry Bartlett (1809-1854). Great-Britain (iii).
O. "Le jeu de billard", by Belgian Auguste Serrure (1825-1902) (iii).
Note the player (left), who is holding his billiard cue up to perform a massé shot as illustrated below.
The
above picture is taken from Brunswick-Balke-Collender Co.,
Modern Billiards. Ed. Brunswick-Balke-Collender Co., New York,
United States, 1908.
O.
"A game of billiards" (1925) by Frank Moss Bennett
(1874-1952, Great Britain [xxxxxxxxv].
The artists have not only used paintings to represent billiards, but also engravings, etchings, lithographs, prints, etc...
O.
"Le jeu du billard",
engraving dating from the late 1600s, by Nicolas Arnoult (born
in France around 1650). The players are Louis XIV and the
duchess of Burgundy (xxxxxxi).
O. Early 1880s chromolithograph poster for the J.M. Brunswick and Balke Company. ( xxxx).
The three players at top are from left to right GARNIER, VIGNAUX and DALY.
O.
"Grand Billiard Tournament in New York City".
Lithograph from Harper's Weekly, 1866, coloured version
(xxxxxxii).
The
Canadian Dion Brothers, inventors of the 'American series'
(see Section 2. Books. A.) are featured here, Cyrille
top right and Joseph below, in the middle.
O. A massé shot. Popular Graphics Art (1882) (xxxxii).
O.
Excerpted
from lithograph "Spotprent op (= Cartoon on) Lodewijk
Pincoffs 1879" featuring a hexagonal billiard table.
(xxxxv).
Other special non rectangular shapes
are shown in Section 4. History Billiards and Tables.
O. A print dating from 1694 is also represented in the above section.
Below prints, each of them showing a woman playing billiards alone.
One of them, 1867, entitled
O.
"Jessie Remained Alone at the Table" (xxxxxxii),
by American Winslow Homer (1826- 1910),
and the other one, 1898,
O.
Untitled (xxxxxxiii),
by Swedish Anders Zorn (1860-1920).
O.
Two works by Austrian Friedrich Carl von Scheidlin
(1822-1913), shown in the Slovak National Gallery in Slovakia
: "Billiards" and "While Playing Billiards"
(xxxxxxiv), below, from left to right.
.......
Billards
is also the subject of various artistic illustrations (such
as those by Daumier, Meunier, Tackeray, browne, Thiele...
in Section 6. Humour and Caricatures of this site).
O.
"Souvenir
of the Oxford historical pageant , 1907". Illustrations
of billiards. (xxxxxxv).
Interior of a billiard room, Georgian Design, by Thurston & Co.
O.
"The chances of billiards ", a scratch all around
(xxxxxxvi). Lithography by Currier and Ives dating from 1869.
All that can happen when a dog and a
cat are fighting under the table of a billiard room.
O. "Men in powdered wigs playing Billiards" by Thomas Rowlandson (1756-1827). Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. (xxxxxxvii). Coloured engraving featuring cues AND maces .
O."
Billiards in the home circle". Published by Kavanagh
and Decker, billiard table manufacturers in New York, around
1869. (xxxxxxviii).
And to end up, two works featuring billiard fights as topics.
O.
"Magasin théâtral"(= Theatre shop)
(1830), engraving from Internet Archive Book Images. (xxxxxxix).
O. "Billiards - A double carom " (1874), lithography by Currier and Ives. (xxxxxxvi).
Two
simultaneous punches.
IN EUROPE (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Ukraine).
Most
of them are located in big castles.
1.
France.
a)
The Grand Trianon Castle at Versailles in Île-de-France
– The billiard room of Napoleon I (ii).
b)
La Baume Castle in Ardèche (ii), also known as "Versailles
du Gévaudan", richly decorated inside. Note the armour
suits in the billiard room.
c)
Castle of Rambouillet, which used to be the royal, imperial and
presidential residence in Yvelines (ii). "Game Room",
former "Guard Room" decorated with a hunting trophy.
d) Castle of the Bretesche at Missilac in Loire atlantique (ii).
e) Castle of La Roche-Guyon in Val d'Oise (ii). The fifteen-leg billiard table model is rare.
f)
Castle of Azay-le-Rideau in Indre-et-Loire.
Below,
two views of the "Billiard Room".
(iv)
(xxvi)
g) Castle of Malmaison in Fontainebleau in Seine-et-Marne (v). See also the "Billiard Room" painting in the Château de Malmaison already shown in this section.
h)
Château Marchais in Aisne, which belongs to the Monegasque
family. Billiard room (ii).
i) Castle of Challain in Marne-et-Loire. Billiard room (vi).
j)
Castle of Chaumont-sur-Loire in Val de Loire. Billiard room (vii).
k) Chaalis Abbey in Oise, now the location of the Jacquemart André
Museum.
Below, two views of the billiard room (viii).
,_abbaye_de_Chaalis,_mus%C3%A9e_Jacquemart_Andr%C3%A9,_rdc,_salle_de_billard_1.jpg)
l)
Museum of Old Nîmes in Gard, Languedoc.
(ix)
m) Castle of Sourches, Saint-Symphorien
in Sarthe. Billiard room with tapestry (ii).
n)
Neuilly Castle and its billiard table in the 19th century , watercolour
(xvii).
Note the lighting system above the billiard table.
o)
Castle of Chereperrine in Orne. Billiard room in the late 1800's
(xviii),
with a fifteen-leg billiard table and decorated with many hunting
trophies.
p) Castle of Pau. Marquetry billiard table
(ca.1830) with inlaid fighting scenes (xx).
q)
Montrésor Castle in Indre-et-Loire. Billiard room with
large painting (ii).
r)
Nîmes (Gard, Languedoc). Prefecture, inside the big gallery
with marquetry billiard table.
.(ix)
.
(ix)
s)
Castle of Méry-sur-Oise in Val d'Oise. Billiard room with
various vaults, paintings and hunting trophies (ii).
t) The ‘Grand Café
Parisien’ built in Paris by architect Charles Duval in 1856.
It was considered the biggest café in the world at the
time.
Inside view with billiard tables (etching
1865).
u) The famous ‘Café Suisse’ with billiard tables. Paris. 1861 (old etching).
v)
Chantilly Castle. Oise. Billiard room with large painting (ii).
w) Meillant Castle. Cher. The ‘Grand Salon’ with billiard
table and impressive fireplace (ii).
x) Hôtel Continental. Billiard room.
Paris. 1910s (ii).
y)
Louis Pasteur's billiard room. Arbois in Jura.
(xxiv)
z) Castle of La Motte-Tilly in Aube. Like most other castles, one of its richly decorated rooms is used for playing billiards.
(xxv)
z1) Brasserie Excelsior with billiards. Le Havre, rue du Chillou (ii).
z2)
Castle of Guernon-Ranville, Calvados Department in Normandy.
At the time, the billiard table was used as an operating table
after the Allied had landed in 1944.
(xxxi)
z3) Flat of the Paris Police Headquarters.
Billiard room in which General Leclerc received General Von
Choltitz's surrender in 1944.
(xxxii)
z4) Castle of Canisy in Normandy. Billiard
room.
(xxxv)
z5)
Castle of Pesteils (Polminhac) in the Cantal Department. Billiard
room.
(xxxvi)
z6)
Castle of Val at Lanobre in the Cantal Department. Billiard
room.
(xxxvii)
z7)
Meudon Castle in the Hauts-de-Seine department.
Restoration
scheme of Monseigneur's billiard room.
(xxxxiv)
z8)
Château de Maisons-Laffitte in the Yvelines department.
Antechamber
of René de Longuei. Billiard room.
(xxxxxxxv)
2. Belgium.
a) Room of the 'Académie Royale Liégeoise de Billard ASBL. Liège. Founded in 1906 and recognized by the Walloon Region as part of the Historical Heritage in 2022.
(xiv)
(xv)
b) Pouhon, historic building in Spa. Inside
view.
(ii)
c)
Billiard room,
(ii)
probably of a pub which originated as a coaching inn in 1627 and then became the current restaurant De Hoef in Uccle – Brussels.
3. Austria.
a)
Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna.
Room of Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary,
married to Empress Elisabeth, also nicknamed Sissi.
(x)
Chromolithograph after a watercolour by Franz Heinrich (ca.1855/1860).
b)
Löwsches
Kaffeehaus, Vienna, 1842, inside view.
(xxi)
4. Germany.
In
the early 1900s,
there are two establishments in Berlin bearing the names of great
German billiard players
a) 'Kerkau Palast' with no less than 48 billiard tables, founded by Hugo Kerkau in 1910 after opening his 'Café Kerkau' in 1901.
(vi)
(vi)
Partial
view of the 48 billiard tables.
b) 'Café
Woerz und Billard-Akademie' founded by August Woerz around 1919.
(vi)
and
c)
Leipzig Volkshaus billardsaal (= Billiard room of the Trade Union
House in Leipzig).
.(xxix)
5.
The Netherlands.
a)
Grand Hôtel Café Restaurant Krasnapolsky, opened
in Amsterdam in 1865, of which the spacious room below, shown
around 1902,
(ii)
also housed billiard tables (see both illustrations below).
(vi)
(ii)
The World Three-cushion Championship (1929/1930)
in Amsterdam might have been held in that large Krasnapolsky room.
b)
Laag-Keppel-RCE. Interior of a billiard room in historical decor.
(xxxxxxxx)
6. Spain.
a)
Palacio Real de Madrid. Sala de Billar (= Royal Palace of Madrid.
Billiard room).
(xxvii)
(xxvii)
c)
Castell del Remei in Catalonia.
(xi)
d) Museu (= Museum) Romantic Can Papiol,
Vilanova i Geltru in Catalonia.
(xxx)
e)
Museo del Romanticismo, billar sala XXIII (= Museum of romanticism,
billiard room XXIII), Madrid.
(xxxiii)
f)
Miramar Jauregia (= Miramar Palace), library and billiard room.
San Sebastián, Basque Country.
(xxxviii)
7.
Portugal.
a)
Real Castello (= Royal Castle) da Pena, Cintra. Sala de bilhar
(= Billiard room).
(ii)
b)
Belém National Palace, near Lisbon. Billiard room.
(vi)
8.
Sweden.
Hallwylska
museet (= Hallwyl Museum). National Museum in Stockholm.
(xii)
Below
are three views of the imposing chandelier hanging above this
splendid eight-legged billiard table.
(xii)
(xii)....
(xii)
(9.
Poland.
Library of the Kozlowska Palace.
(xiii)
10.
Switzerland.
a)
Saint-Gingolph Castle.
(xvi)
This
room, with fir and spruce woodwork, was used for playing billiards
in 1655.
b) Oberhofen Schloss. Billardzimmer (= Oberhofen Castle. Billiard room). Canton of Bern. Switzerland.
.
(xxviii)
11.
Italy.
a) Castello di Masino, sala biliardo
(= Billiard room in the Masino Castle), in Piedmont.
(xix)
b)
Villa di poggio imperiale, sala dei biliardi con affreschi di
Domenico Ferri (= Villa of the imperial hill, billiard room with
frescoes by Domenico Ferri) (1865). Florence.
(xxii)
Below one of the frescoes.
(xxii)
c)
Petraia sala dei biliardi (= The billiard room of the Villa La
Petraia), Florence.
(xxii)
This
billiard room and the previous one are World Heritage Sites in
Italy.
d)
Biliardo Pio VII: Billiard table from 1811 that belonged to Pope
Pius VII.
12.
Serbia.
Kraljevski Dvor, enterijer. Beograd (= Royal, inside, Belgrade).
Billiard table with pockets.
(xxiii)
13. Latvia.
Billiard room of Rundale Palace, Bauska, Latvia.
(xxviii)
14.
Hungary.
Hertelendy-kastély,
biliárdszoba (= Hertelendy castle, billiard room).
(xxxiv)
15. Ukraine.
Billiard
room in Vorontsovsky Palace, Crimea.
(xxxxvi)
16. Norway.
Billiard
room of Mundal Hotel in Fjaerland.
(xxxxxxxix)
17. The United Kingdom.
Some History.
The billiard tables lost their pockets in France around 1850 (see Section 2. BOOKS. A. in this site) but not in the United Kingdom where:
1) some old games continue to be played, including the French carom game (with three balls, two white and one red), which becomes referred to as English billiards.
2)
the new pyramid game (with 16 balls of different colours) was
invented around 1860 and probably inspired the creation of snooker
(with 22 balls) around 1875.
a)
Wolverhampton.
A Thurston billiard table of the Victorian style Wightwick Manor
(1887-1893) in Wightwick.
(xxxxxxx)
b)
Liverpool.
The
billiard room of the Speke Hall, a wood-framed wattle-and-daub
Tudor manor in Speke.
(xxxxxxxi)
c) Isle of Wight.
Interior
architectural detail in the billiard room of the Italian Renaissance-style
Osborne House, built between 1845 and 1851. It is a former residence
of the British royal family.
(xxxxxvi)
Below, statuary and curtains in the same room.
(xxxxxvi)
d) Guernsey, one of the Channel Islands.
Hauteville
House, where Victor Hugo lived. Billiard room (ii).
Victor Hugo's portrait is in the middle.
e) Buckinghamshire.
Billiard
room of the Waddesdon Manor in Waddesdon.
(xxxxxxxii)
f) Cornwall.
Billiard room of the Lanhydrock House in Lanhydrock.
(xxxxxxxiii)
g) Lancaster, Lancashire.
Billiard
room (1872) of the "Judges' Lodgings", built
around 1625, formely a fifty-room house now a museum.
(xxxxxxx)
Note the presence of a cue and a mace on the billiard
table.
h) Dunham Massey, Greater Manchester.
Billiard room.
(xxxxxxx)
OUT OF EUROPE (Argentina, Canada, India, Japan, Mexico, the United States).
1. The United States.
a) New York. New York City.
"Phelan's
Billiard Saloon", published print dating from 1859.
In 1850 Michael Phelan (1819-1871) was a billiard champion in the
United States
where carom billiards appeared
around 1862.
t
(xxxxvii)
b) Massachusetts. Boston.
"Melodeon
Billiard Hall", colour liithograph (1878?) by Dominick I. Drummond
(ca. 1830- 1899) & Charles 'C' Frank King Lith.(1839-1887).
(xxxxviii)
Very large. It was built about 20 years after the Grand Café Parisien.
c) North Carolina.
Billiard
room of the Biltmore House, the largest privately-owned home in the
United States. It was built near Ashville, North Carolina in the late
1800s. It has been turned into a museum.
(xxxxix)
d) California, San Simeon.
Billiard
room in Hearst Castle.
(xxxxxi)
Below the tapestry hanging in the same room.
(xxxxxii)
e)
Minnesota. Duluth.
Billiard
room of Glensheen, historic mansion.
(xxxxxix)
f)
Connecticut. Hartford.
- Billiard room of Mark Twain
House.
(xxxxxxxvii)
- Mark Twain (1835-1910), writer, playing billiards in 1908.
(xxxxxxxvi)
2. Mexico.
-
Yucatán, Mérida.
Billiard
room (Interiors - 17) of Las Casas Gemelas
(= The Twin Houses).
(xxxxx)
These
two French Renaissance-inspired palaces, built in the early 1900s,
hosted distinguished guests such as the Kennedys.
3.Argentina.
- Buenos Aires.
A
billiard room in the Ortiz Basualdo Palace.
(xxxxxiii)
4. India.
- Mysore.
Billiard
room of the Lalitha Mahal Palace Hotel.
(xxxxxiv)
5.
Japan.
a) Osaka.
Inside
of the Western-style-house of the Ikeda-shi Garden (-3).
(xxxxxvii)
Comment: The style of play on the table above is the four-ball
game.
b)
Tochigi, Nikko.
"Nikko Tamozawa Imperial
Villa". Surrounded by a garden. It is a tourist attraction
of the city. Below is its local style billiard room.
(xxxxxviii)
6. Canada.
Toronto.
Billiard room of the
Spadina House, historic mansion, around 1900.
(xxxxxxxiv)
At
the time, billiards was practised in private places (palaces, castles)
and public places (pubs, hotels, large rooms provided with several billiard
tables), but also in various places such as
a) the University of Tübingen, Germany. Room with a billiard table in the early 1900s (xxxxxxxxi).
b) the Saint-Cyr (Military) School, France. Game room with billiard tables (ii).
c) Recreation hut with a billiard table, opened by the English Red Cross in France for the convalescent soldiers during the First World War (xxxxxxxxii).
d) Gaujot Military Hospital. Meeting room) - Billiard table – Piano. Strasbourg, Alsace (ii).
e) Sanatorium of St. Blasien, with a billiard table, in the town bearing the same name. Spa and health resort, located in the Black Forest (xxxxxxxxiii).
f) Cloister with a billiard table, Cassiobury Park Hertfordshire, England (xxxxxxxxiv).
For further examples, see website "Aux billards anciens".
(i)
Mainly in sections 1. CUES Q. History and 4. HISTORY of BILLIARDS
and its TABLES.
(ii)
Postcard.
(iii) Credit : WahooArt.com.
(iv)
Credit : Peter Dutton. Forest Hills, Queens, USA, CC
BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(v) Credit : Moonik CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(vi) Credit : Public domain via Wikimedia Commons.
(vii) Credit : Manfred Heyde, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia
Commons.
(viii) Credit: Pierre Poschadel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia
Commons.
(ix) Credit: Finoskov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(x) Credit : Schönbrunn Palace. Public domain via Wikimedia
Commons.
(xi) Credit: AntonTaa, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xii) Credit: Hallwyl Museum. Jenny Bergensten, CC BY-SA,
Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xiii) Credit: Fallaner, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xiv) Credit: Gérard Debraz Président de l'Académie.
(xv) Credit: Pierre Forlin du Service des sports de la Ville
de Liège.
(xvi) Credit: Joelgrandcollot, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia
Commons.
(xvii) Credit: François d'Orléans, Prince de
Joinville (1818-1900), Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xviii) Credit: Henri Magron (1897), CC0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xix) Credit: Alessandroga80, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia
Commons.
(xx)
Credit: Château de Pau, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia
Commons.
(xxi)
Credit: Unknown
author, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxii)
Credit: Sailko, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxiii)
Credit: Jablanov, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxiv)
Credit: Remi Mathis, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxv) Credit: flo21, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxvi)
Credit: asmoth360 from France, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia
Commons.
(xxvii) Credit: Jose Luis Filpo Cabana,
CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxviii) Credit: Zairon, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxix)
Credit: Karl Pinkau (1859-1922). Public domain, via Wikimedia
Commons.
(xxx)
Credit: Angela LLop, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxi)
Credit: HAVOT-DARNEAU, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxii)
Credit: Tiraden, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxiii)
Credit: Museum of Romanticism, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia
Commons.
(xxxiv) Credit: FOTO:FORTEPAN / Budapest Fováros Levéltára,
Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxv) Credit: Xfigpower, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxvi) Credit: Chatsam, CC
BY-SA 4.0,
via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxvii)
Credit: Pymouss, CC BY-SA 4.0,
via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxviii)
Credit: Josugoni, CC BY-SA 4.0,
via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxix)
Credit: Januarius Zick, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxx)
Credit: J.M. Brunswick and Balke Company, Public domain via
Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxi) Credit: Unknown listed at botton of print but illegible,
Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxii) Credit: Popular Graphic Arts, Public domain, via
Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxiii) Credit:
Scan by NYPL, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxiv)
Credit: Franck Devedjian, CC BY-SA 4.0,
via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxv) Credit: Rijksmuseum, CC0, via
Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxvi) Credit: 
,
CC BY -SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxvii) Credit: Unknown author, Public
domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxviii) Credit: C. Frank King, Public
domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxix) Credit:
Warren Lemay from Cincinnati OH United States, CCO, via Wikimedia
Commons.
(xxxxx) Credit: Gildardo Sanchez, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia
Commons.
(xxxxxi) Credit: Diderot, CCO, via Wikimedia
Commons.
(xxxxxii) Credit: David/Winkler, CCO,
via Wikimedia Commons - Acteon saw Artemis.
(xxxxxiii) Credit: Alejandro
Witcomb, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxxiv)
Credit: Prashannajeet, CC BY -SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxxv)
Credit: Adolf Heinrich-Hansen, Public domain, via Wikimedia
Commons.
(xxxxxvi)
Credit: Derek Voller, CC BY -SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxxvii) Credit: 
, CC BY -SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxxviii) Credit: Adam Jones from Kalowna, BC, Canada, CC
BY -SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxxix) Credit: Brandreaus2017,
CC BY -SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxxx) Credit: Charles Edouard Boutibonne (1816 1897), Public
domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxxxi) Credit: Nicolas Arnoult, Public domain, via Wikimedia
Commons.
(xxxxxxii) Credit: Harper's Weekly, Public domain, via Wikimedia
Commons.
(xxxxxxiii) Credit: Anders Zorn (1860-1920), Public domain,via
Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxxxiv) Credit: Friedrich von Scheidlin, Public domain,
via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxxxv)
Credit: Internet Archive Book Images, No restrictions, via
Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxxxvi) Credit: Currier & Ives, Public domain, via
Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxxxvii) Credit: Thomas Rowlandson, CCO, via Wikimedia
Commons.
(xxxxxxviii) Credit: Popular Graphics Arts, Public domain
via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxxxix) Credit: Internet Archive Book Images, No restrictions,
via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxxxx) Credit: Photograph by Mike Peel (www.mikepeel.net).,
CC BY -SA 4.0, via Wikimedia.Commons.
(xxxxxxxi) Credit: Rodhullandemu, CC BY -SA 4.0, via Wikimedia
Commons.
(xxxxxxxii)
Credit: Daderot, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxxxxiii) Credit: Otto Domes, CC BY -SA 4.0, via Wikimedia
Commons.
(xxxxxxxiv) Credit: Simon P, CC BY -SA 3.0, via Wikimedia
Commons.
(xxxxxxxv)
Credit: Marie-Lan Nguyen, CC BY -SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxxxxvi) Credit: Underwood and Underwood, Public domain,
via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxxxxvii) Credit: Jack E. Boucher, Photographer, Public
domain, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxxxxix)
Credit: Bjorn Erik Pedersen, CC BY -SA 3.0, via Wikimedia
Commons
(xxxxxxxx)
Credit: Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed (= RCE), CC
BY -SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxxxxxi) Credit:Unknown author Unknown author, Public domain,
via Wikimedia Commons.
(xxxxxxxxii) Credit:National Library of Scotland, No restrictions,
via Wikimedia Commons. File: Convalescent soldiers in France
having a game of billiards in a recreation hut provided for
them by the B.R.C.S.
(xxxxxxxxiii) Credit: UnknownauthorUnknown author, Public
domain, via Wikimedia Commons. File: Sanatorium St. Blasien
10 Muzigzimmer und Billardzimmer.
(xxxxxxxxiv) Credit: Charles Latham (1847-1912), Public domain,
via Wikimedia Commons. File: In English Homes Vol 1 Cassiobury
Park Hertfordshire the billiard room in the cloisters.
(xxxxxxxxv)
Credit: Frank Moss Bennett, Public domain via Wikimedia Commons.
